Volcanic air pollution and human health: recent advances and future directions

  • Allibone R, Cronin SJ, Charley DT, Neall VE, Stewart RB, Oppenheimer C (2012) Dental fluorosis linked to degassing of Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu: a novel exposure pathway. Environ Geochem Health 34:155–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9338-2

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Amaral AF, Rodrigues AS (2007) Chronic exposure to volcanic environments and chronic bronchitis incidence in the Azores, Portugal. Environ Res 103:419–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.016

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Armienta MA, De la Cruz-Reyna S, Morton O, Cruz O, Ceniceros N (2002) Chemical variations of tephra-fall deposit leachates for three eruptions from Popocatépetl volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 113:61–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00251-7

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Armienta MA, Cruz-Reyna S, Cruz O, Ceniceros N, Aguayo A, Marin M (2011) Fluoride in ash leachates: environmental implications at Popocatépetl volcano, central Mexico. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11:1949–1956. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1949-2011

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Atanga MBS, Van der Meerve AS, Shemamg EM, Suh CE, Kruger W, Njome MS, Asobo NE (2009) Volcanic Ash from the 1999 Eruption of Mount Cameroon volcano: characterization and implications to health hazards. Afr J Online 8:63–70. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcas/article/view/87049

  • Balsa AI, Caffera M, Bloomfield J (2016) Exposures to particulate matter from the eruptions of the Puyehue Volcano and birth outcomes in Montevideo, Uruguay. Environ Health Perspect 124:1816–1822. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP235

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barone G, De Giudici G, Gimeno D, Lanzafame G, Podda F, Cannas C, Giuffrida A, Barchitta M, Agodi A, Mazzoleni P (2021) Surface reactivity of Etna volcanic ash and evaluation of health risks. Science of the Total Environment 761:143248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143248

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barsotti S (2020) Probabilistic hazard maps for operational use: the case of SO2 air pollution during the Holuhraun eruption (Bárðarbunga, Iceland) in 2014–2015. Bull Volcanol 82:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01395-3

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barsotti S, Oddsson B, Gudmundsson MT, Pfeffer MA, Parks MM, Ófeigsson BG, Sigmundsson F, Reynisson V, Jónsdóttir K, Roberts MJ, Heiðarsson EP, Jónasdóttir EB, Einarsson P, Jóhannsson T, Gylfason ÁG, Vogfjörd K (2020) Operational response and hazards assessment during the 2014–2015 volcanic crisis at Bárðarbunga volcano and associated eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 390:106753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106753

  • Bates MN, Garrett N, Crane J, Balmes JR (2013) Associations of ambient hydrogen sulfide exposure with self-reported asthma and asthma symptoms. Environ Res 122:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.02.002

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bates MN, Crane J, Balmes JR, Garrett N (2015) Investigation of hydrogen sulfide exposure and lung function, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a geothermal area of New Zealand. PLoS One 10:e0122062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122062

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baxter PJ, Bonadonna C, Dupree R, Hards VL, Kohn SC, Murphy MD, Nichols A, Nicholson RA, Norton G, Searl A, Sparks RS, Vickers BP (1999) Cristobalite in volcanic ash of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies. Science 283:1142–1145. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5405.1142

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baxter PJ, Searl AS, Cowie HA, Jarvis D, Horwell CJ (2014) Evaluating the respiratory health risks of volcanic ash at the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, 1995-2010. Geological Society of London Memoirs 39:407–425. https://doi.org/10.1144/M39.22

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • BéruBé KA, Jones TP, Housley DG, Richards RJ (2004) The respiratory toxicity of airborne volcanic ash from the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Mineralogical Magazine 68:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461046810170

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bia G, Borgnino L, Zampieri G, Garcia MG (2020) Fluorine surface speciation in South Andean volcanic ashes. Chemical Geology 532:119402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119402

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bosshard-Stadlin SA, Mattsson HB, Stewart C, Reusser E (2017) Leaching of lava and tephra from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano (Tanzania): remobilization of fluorine and other potentially toxic elements into surface waters of the Gregory Rift. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 332:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.009

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown SK, Jenkins SF, Sparks RSJ, Odbert H, Auker MR (2017) Volcanic fatalities database: analysis of volcanic threat with distance and victim classification. J Appl Volcanol 6:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-017-0067-4

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Budianta W (2011) The potential impact of ash Merapi Volcano eruption 2010 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, for the environment and human health. Journal of Applied Geology 3:111-115. https://doi.org/10.22146/jag.7187


    Google Scholar
     

  • Burton RR, Woodhouse MJ, Gadian AM, Mobbs SD (2020) The use of a numerical weather prediction model to simulate near-field volcanic plumes. Atmosphere 11:594. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060594

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Businger S, Huff R, Horton K, Sutton AJ, Elias T (2015) Observing and forecasting vog dispersion from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 96:1667–1686. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00150.1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cadelis G, Tourres R, Molinie J, Petit RH (2013) Exacerbations of asthma in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) and volcanic eruption in Montserrat (70 km from Guadeloupe). Rev Mal Respir 30:203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2012.11.002

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Camara JG, Lagunzad JK (2011) Ocular findings in volcanic fog induced conjunctivitis. Hawai’i Med J 70:262–265


    Google Scholar
     

  • Cangemi M, Speziale S, Madonia P, D’Alessandro W, Andronico D, Bellomo S, Brusca L, Kyriakopoulos K (2017) Potentially harmful elements released by volcanic ashes: examples from the Mediterranean area. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 337:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.03.015

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carlsen HK, Gíslason T, Benediktsdóttir B, Kolbeinsson TB, Hauksdóttir A, Thorsteinsson T, Briem H (2012a) A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2:e000343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000343

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carlsen HK, Hauksdóttir A, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Gíslason T, Einarsdóttir G, Runolfsson H, Briem H, Finnbjornsdóttir RG, Gudmundsson S, Kolbeinsson TB, Thorsteinsson T, Pétursdóttir G (2012b) Health effects following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2:e001851. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001851

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carlsen HK, Aspelund T, Briem H, Gíslason T, Jóhannsson T, Valdimarsdóttir U, Gudnason T (2019) Respiratory health among professionals exposed to extreme SO2 levels from a volcanic eruption. Scand J Work Environ Health 45:312–315. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3783

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carlsen HK, Ilyinskaya E, Baxter PJ, Schmidt A, Thorsteinsson T, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Dominici F, Finnbjornsdóttir RG, Jóhannsson T, Aspelund T, Gíslason T, Valdimarsdóttir U, Briem H, Gudnason T (2021a) Increased respiratory morbidity associated with exposure to a mature volcanic plume from a large Icelandic fissure eruption. Nat Commun 12:2161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22432-5

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carlsen HK, Valdimarsdóttir U, Briem H et al (2021b) Severe volcanic SO2 exposure and respiratory morbidity in the Icelandic population – a register study. Environ Health 20:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00698-y

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chow DC, Grandinetti A, Fernandez E, Sutton AJ, Elias T, Brooks B, Tam EK (2010) Is volcanic air pollution associated with decreased heart-rate variability? Heart Asia 2:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1136/ha.2009.001172

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Collins M, An SI, Cai W et al (2010) The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño. Nature Geosci 3:391–397. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo868

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Connell J, Lutkehaus N (2017) Escaping Zaria’s fire? The volcano resettlement problem of Manam Island, Papua New Guinea. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 58:14. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12148

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Crawford B, Hagan DH, Grossman I, Cole E, Holland L, Heald CL, Kroll JH (2021) Mapping pollution exposure and chemistry during an extreme air quality event (the 2018 Kilauea eruption) using a low-cost sensor network. PNAS 118:27. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025540118

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cronin SJ, Sharp DS (2002) Environmental impacts on health from continuous volcanic activity at Yasur (Tanna) and Ambrym, Vanuatu. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 12:109–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120220129274

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cronin SJ, Stewart C, Zernack AV, Brenna M, Procter JN, Pardo N, Christenson B, Wilson T, Stewart RB, Irwin M (2014) Volcanic ash leachate compositions and assessment of health and agricultural hazards from 2012 hydrothermal eruptions, Tongariro, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 286:233–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.002

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cullen RT, Jones AD, Miller BG, Tran CL, Davis JM, Donaldson K, Wilson M, Stone V, Morgan A (2002) Toxicity of volcanic ash from Montserrat. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/02/01 April 2002. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.599.9295&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  • Cuthbertson J, Stewart C, Lyon A, Burns P, Telopo T (2020) Health impacts of volcanic activity in Oceania. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35:574–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X2000093X

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • D’Alessandro W (2006) Human fluorosis related to volcanic activity: a review. In: WIT Transactions on Biomedicine and Health 10:21–30. https://doi.org/10.2495/ETOX060031

  • Daga R, Guevara SR, Poire DG, Arribére M (2014) Characterization of tephras dispersed by the recent eruptions of volcanoes Calbuco (1961), Chaitén (2008) and Cordón Caulle Complex (1960 and 2011), in Northern Patagonia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 49:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.10.006

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Damby DE (2012) From dome to disease: The respiratory toxicity of volcanic cristobalite. Dissertation, Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7328/1/damby_thesis.pdf

  • Damby DE, Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ, Delmelle P, Donaldson K, Dunster C, Fubini B, Murphy FA, Nattrass C, Sweeney S, Tetley TD (2013) The respiratory health hazard of tephra from the 2010 Centennial eruption of Merapi with implications for occupational mining of deposits. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 261:376–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.001

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Damby DE, Llewellin EW, Horwell CJ, Williamson BJ et al (2014) The alpha-beta phase transition in volcanic cristobalite. J Appl Crystallogr 47:4. https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057671401070X

  • Damby DE, Murphy FA, Horwell CJ, Raftis J, Donaldson K (2016) The in vitro respiratory toxicity of cristobalite-bearing volcanic ash. Environ Res 145:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.020

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Damby DE, Horwell CJ, Larsen G, Thordarson T, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Donaldson K (2017) Assessment of the potential respiratory hazard of volcanic ash from future Icelandic eruptions: a study of archived basaltic to rhyolitic ash samples. Environ Health 16:98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0302-9

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Damby DE, Peek S, Lerner AH, Elias T (2018a) Volcanic ash leachate chemistry from increased 2018 activity of Kīlauea volcano. U.S. Geological Survey data release, Hawai’i. https://doi.org/10.5066/P98A07DC. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b69cbe6e4b006a11f775784

  • Damby DE, Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ, Kueppers U et al (2018b) Volcanic ash activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in murine and human macrophages. Front Immunol 8:2000. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.02000

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • de Lima EF, Sommer CA, Cordeiro Silva IM, Netta AP, Lindenberg M, Marques Alves R (2012) Morphology and chemistry of the Puyehue volcano ashes deposited at Porto Alegre metropolitan region in June 2011. Revista Brasiliera de Geociências 42:265–280. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z0375-75362012000200004

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Delmelle P (2003) Environmental impacts of tropospheric volcanic gas plumes. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 213:381–399. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.213.01.23

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Donaldson K, Borm PJA (1998) The quartz hazard: a variable entity. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42:287–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/42.5.287

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Doocy S, Daniels A, Dooling S, Gorokhovich Y (2013) The human impact of volcanoes: a historical review of events 1900-2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr 16:5. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.841859091a706efebf8a30f4ed7a1901

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Durand M, Wilson JG (2006) Spatial analysis of respiratory disease on an urbanized geothermal field. Environ Res 101:238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.006

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Durant AJ, Villarosa G, Rose WI, Delmelle P, Prata AJ, Viramonte JG (2012) Long-range volcanic ash transport and fallout during the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C 45–46:50–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.004

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elliot AJ, Singh N, Loveridge P, Harcourt S, Smith S, Pnaiser R, Kavanagh K, Robertson C, Ramsay CN, McMenamin J, Kibble A, Murray V, Ibbotson S, Catchpole M, McCloskey B, Smith GE (2010) Syndromic surveillance to assess the potential public health impact of the Icelandic volcanic ash plume across the United Kingdom, April 2010. Euro Surveill 15:19583

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eychenne J, Cashman K, Rust A, Durant A (2015) Impact of the lateral blast on the spatial pattern and grain size characteristics of the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens fallout deposit. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 120:6018–6038. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012116

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fano V, Cernigliaro A, Scondotto S, Perucci CA, Forastiere F (2010) The fear of volcano: short-term health effects after Mount Etna’s eruption in 2002. Eur Respir J 36:1216–1218. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00078910

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Felton D, Grange G, Damby DE, Bronstein A, Spyker D (2019) Sulfur dioxide monitoring associated with the 2018 Kilauea Lower East Rift Zone Eruption. International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) 15th International Congress of Toxicology, Honolulu, HI, USA

  • Filippi J-B, Durand J, Tulet P, Bielli S (2021) Multiscale modeling of convection and pollutant transport associated with volcanic eruption and lava flow: application to the April 2007 eruption of the Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion Island). Atmosphere 12:507. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040507

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Forbes L, Jarvis D, Potts J, Baxter PJ (2003) Volcanic ash and respiratory symptoms in children on the island of Montserrat, British West Indies. Occup Environ Med 60:207–211. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.3.207

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Freire S, Florczyk AJ, Pesaresi M, Sliuzas R (2019) An improved global analysis of population distribution in proximity to active volcanoes, 1975–2015. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8:341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080341

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gíslason SR, Stefánsdóttir G, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Jóhannsson Th, Galeczka I, Bali E, Sigmarsson O, Stefánsson A, Keller NS, Sigurdsson Á, Bergsson B, Galle B, Jacobo VC, Arellano S, Aiuppa A, Jónasdóttir EB, Eiríksdóttir ES, Jakobsson S, Guðfinnsson GH, Halldórsson SA, Gunnarsson H, Haddadi B, Jónsdóttir I, Thordarson Th, Riishuus M, Högnadóttir Th, Dürig T, Pedersen GBM, Höskuldsson Á, Gudmundsson MT  (2015) Environmental pressure from the 2014-15 eruption of Bárðarbunga volcano, Iceland. Geochemical Perspectives Letters 1:84-93. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1509

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Greenberg MI, Waksman J, Curtis J (2007) Silicosis: a review. Disease-a-Month 53:394–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2007.09.020

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gudmundsson G (2011) Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland: a review. Clin Respir J 5:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-699X.2010.00231.x

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hansell A, Oppenheimer C (2004) Health hazards from volcanic gases: a systematic literature review. Arch Environ Health 59:628–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039890409602947

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heaviside C, Witham C, Vardoulakis S (2021) Potential health impacts from sulfur dioxide and sulfate exposure in the UK resulting from an Icelandic effusive eruption. Science of the Total Environment 774:145549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145549

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heggie TW (2005) Reported fatal and non-fatal incidents involving tourists in Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, 1992-2002. Travel Med Infect Dis 3:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.09.004

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heggie TW, Heggie TM, Heggie TJ (2009) Death by volcanic laze. Wilderness Environ Med 20:101–103. https://doi.org/10.1580/08-WEME-LE-236.1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Higuchi K, Koriyama C, Akiba S (2012) Increased mortality of respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, in the area with large amount of ashfall from Mount Sakurajima volcano. J Environ Public Health 2012:257831. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/257831

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hillman SE, Horwell CJ, Densmore AL, Damby DE, Fubini B, Ishimine Y, Tomatis M (2012) Sakurajima volcano: a physico-chemical study of the health consequences of long-term exposure to volcanic ash. Bulletin of Volcanology 74:913–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0575-3

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hincks TK, Aspinall WP, Baxter PJ, Searl A, Sparks RSJ, Woo G (2006) Long-term exposure to respirable volcanic ash on Montserrat: a time-series simulation. Bull Volcanol 68:264–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0006-9

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hlodversdóttir H, Petursdóttir G, Carlsen HK, Gíslason T, Hauksdóttir A (2016) Long-term health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study in 2010 and 2013. BMJ Open 6(9):e011444. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011444

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hlodversdóttir H, Thorsteinsdóttir H, Thordardóttir EB, Njardvik U, Petursdóttir G, Hauksdóttir A (2018) Long-term health of children following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 9:1442601. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1442601

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holland L, Businger S, Elias T, Cherubini T (2020) Two ensemble approaches for forecasting sulfur dioxide concentrations from Kīlauea Volcano. Wea Forecasting 35:1923–1937. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-19-0189.1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ (2007) Grain-size analysis of volcanic ash for the rapid assessment of respiratory health hazard. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9:1107–1115. https://doi.org/10.1039/B710583P

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ (2006) The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation. Bulletin of Volcanology 69:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Sparks RSJ, Brewer TS, Llewellin EW, Williamson BJ (2003a) Characterization of respirable volcanic ash from the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, with implications for human health hazards. Bulletin of Volcanology 65:346–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0266-6

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Fenoglio I, Ragnarsdóttir KV, Sparks RSJ, Fubini B (2003b) Surface reactivity of volcanic ash from the eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies with implications for health hazards. Environmental Research 93:202–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00044-6

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Fenoglio I, Fubini B (2007) Iron-induced hydroxyl radical generation from basaltic volcanic ash. Earth Planet Sci Lett 261:662–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.032

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Le Blond JS, Michnowicz SA, Cressey G (2010a) Cristobalite in a rhyolitic lava dome: evolution of ash hazard. Bulletin of Volcanology 72:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0327-1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Stannett GW, Andronico D, Bertagnini A, Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Le Blond JS, Williamson BJ (2010b) A physico-chemical assessment of the health hazard of Mt. Vesuvius volcanic ash. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 191:222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.014

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell C, Williamson B, Donaldson K, Le Blond J, Damby D, Bowen L (2012) The structure of volcanic cristobalite in relation to its toxicity; relevance for the variable crystalline silica hazard. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-44

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ, Hillman SE, Calkins JA, Damby DE, Delmelle P, Donaldson K, Dunster C, Fubini B, Kelly FJ, Le Blond JS (2013) Physicochemical and toxicological profiling of ash from the 2010 and 2011 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn volcanoes, Iceland using a rapid respiratory hazard assessment protocol. Environmental Research 127:63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.011

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Hillman SE, Cole, PD, Loughlin SC, Llewellin EW, Damby DE, Christopher TE (2014) Controls on variations in cristobalite abundance in ash generated by the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in the period 1997 to 2010. In: Wadge G, Robertson REA and Voight B (eds.) The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 2000 to 2010. Geological Society of London 399-406. (Memoir 39). https://doi.org/10.1144/M39.21

  • Horwell CJ, Sargent P, Andronico D, Castro ML, Tomatis M, Hillman SE, Michnowicz SA, Fubini B (2017) The iron-catalysed surface reactivity and health-pertinent physical characteristics of explosive volcanic ash from Mt. Etna. Italy. Journal of Applied Volcanology 6:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-017-0063-8

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Horwell CJ, Covey J, Merli C, Dominelli et al (2020) Preparing for, and protecting communities from, respiratory exposure to volcanic ash. PAHO/WHO Emergencies Disasters Newsletter, Supplement on Health Disaster Risk Reduction. October 2020, Issue 130. https://www3.paho.org/disasters/newsletter/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=320&Itemid=101&lang=en

  • Ilyinskaya E, Schmidt A, Mather TA, Pope FD, Witham C, Baxter P, Jóhannsson T, Pfeffer M, Barsotti S, Singh A, Sanderson P, Bergsson B, Kilbride BM, Donovan A, Peters N, Oppenheimer C, Edmonds M (2017) Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland). Earth Planet Sci Lett 472:309–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ilyinskaya E, Mason E, Wieser PE et al (2021) Rapid metal pollutant deposition from the volcanic plume of Kīlauea, Hawai’i. Commun Earth Environ 2:78. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00146-2

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (1997) Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 68

  • Ishigami A, Kikuchi Y, Iwasawa S, Nishiwaki Y, Takebayashi T, Tanaka S, Omae K (2008) Volcanic sulfur dioxide and acute respiratory symptoms on Miyakejima island. Occup Environ Med 65:701–707. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.033456

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Iwasawa S, Kikuchi Y, Nishiwaki Y, Nakano M, Michikawa T, Tsuboi T, Tanaka S, Uemura T, Ishigami A, Nakashima H, Takebayashi T, Adachi M, Morikawa A, Maruyama K, Kudo S, Uchiyama I, Omae K (2009) Effects of SO2 on respiratory system of adult Miyakejima residents 2 years after returning to the island. J Occup Health 51:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.l8075

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Iwasawa S, Nakano M, Tsuboi T, Kochi T, Tanaka S, Katsunuma T, Morikawa A, Omae K (2015) Effects of sulfur dioxide on the respiratory system of Miyakejima child residents 6 years after returning to the island. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 88:1111–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1037-y

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jarvis P, Bonadonna C, Dominguez L et al (2020) Aeolian remobilisation of volcanic ash: outcomes of a workshop in the Argentinian Patagonia. Frontiers in Earth Sciences 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.575184

  • Jenkins SF, Wilson T, Magill C, Miller V, Stewart C, Blong R, Marzocchi W, Boulton M, Bonadonna C, Costa A (2015) Volcanic ash fall hazard and risk. In: Loughlin SC, Sparks RSJ, Brown SK, Jenkins SF, Vye-Brown C (eds) Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316276273.005

  • Jones T, BéruBé K (2011) The bioreactivity of the sub-10 μm component of volcanic ash: Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Journal of Hazardous Materials 194:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.092

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kelly FJ (2003) Oxidative stress: its role in air pollution and adverse health effects. Occup Environ Med 60:612–616. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.8.612

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kimura K, Sakamoto T, Miyazaki M, Uchino E, Kinukawa N, Isashiki M (2005) Effects of volcanic ash on ocular symptoms: results of a 10-year survey on schoolchildren. Ophthalmology 112:478–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.09.031

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kizel F, Etzion Y, Shafran-Nathan R, Levy I, Fishbain B, Bartonova A, Broday DM (2018) Node-to-node field calibration of wireless distributed air pollution sensor network. Environmental Pollution 233:900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.042

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kochi T, Iwasawa S, Nakano M, Tsuboi T, Tanaka S, Kitamura H, Wilson DJ, Takebayashi T, Omae K (2017) Influence of sulfur dioxide on the respiratory system of Miyakejima adult residents 6 years after returning to the island. J Occup Health 59:313–326. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.16-0256-OA

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Le Blond JS, Cressey G, Horwell CJ, Williamson BJ (2009) A rapid method for quantifying single mineral phases in heterogeneous natural dusts using X-ray diffraction. Powder Diffract 24:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1154/1.3077941

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Le Blond JS, Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ, Michnowicz SA, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Delmelle P, Dunster C, Patia H (2010) Mineralogical analyses and in vitro screening tests for the rapid evaluation of the health hazard of volcanic ash at Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea. Bulletin of Volcanology 72:1077–1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0382-7

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee SH, Richards RJ (2004) Montserrat volcanic ash induces lymph node granuloma and delayed lung inflammation. Toxicology 195:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1154/1.3077941

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Linhares D, Ventura Garcia P, Viveiros F, Ferreira T, dos Santos RA (2015) Air pollution by hydrothermal volcanism and human pulmonary function. Biomed Res Int 2015:326794. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/326794

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lombardo D, Ciancio N, Campisi R, Di Maria A, Bivona L, Poletti V, Mistretta A, Biggeri A, Di Maria G (2013) A retrospective study on acute health effects due to volcanic ash exposure during the eruption of Mount Etna (Sicily) in 2002. Multidiscip Respir Med 8:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-8-51

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Longo BM (2009) The Kilauea Volcano adult health study. Nurs Res 58:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181900cc5

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Longo BM (2013) Adverse health effects associated with increased activity at Kīlauea Volcano: a repeated population-based survey. ISRN Public Health 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/475962

  • Longo BM, Yang W (2008) Acute bronchitis and volcanic air pollution: a community-based cohort study at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai’i, USA. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71:1565–1571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390802414117

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Longo BM, Rossignol A, Green JB (2008) Cardiorespiratory health effects associated with sulphurous volcanic air pollution. Public Health 122:809–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.09.017

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Longo BM, Yang W, Green JB, Crosby FL, Crosby VL (2010) Acute health effects associated with exposure to volcanic air pollution (vog) from increased activity at Kilauea Volcano in 2008. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73:1370–1381. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.497440

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Macomber P (2020) Guidelines on rainwater catchment systems for Hawai’i. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai’i. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawaiirain/Library/Guides&Manuals/HI_Guidelines_2020.pdf

  • Mason E, Wieser PE, Liu EJ, Edmonds M, Ilyinskaya E, Whitty RCW, Mather TA, Elias T, Nadeau PA, Wilkes TC, McGonigle AJS, Pering TD, Mims FM, Kern C, Schneider D, Oppenhemier C (2021) Volatile metal emissions from volcanic degassing and lava–seawater interactions at Kīlauea Volcano. Hawai’i. Commun Earth Environ 2:79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00145-3

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mather TA, Allen AG, Oppenheimer C et al (2003) Size-resolved characterisation of soluble ions in the particles in the tropospheric plume of Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua: Origins and Plume Processing. J Atmos Chem 46:207–237. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026327502060

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McDonald F, Horwell CJ (2021) Air pollution disasters: Liability issues in negligence associated with the provision of personal protective interventions (facemasks). Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 15:367–373. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.37

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McDonald F, Horwell CJ, Wecker R, Dominelli L, Loh M, Kamanyire R, Ugarte C (2020) Facemask use for community protection from air pollution disasters: an ethical overview and framework to guide agency decision making. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 43:101376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101376

  • Michaud JP, Grove JS, Krupitsky D (2004) Emergency department visits and “vog”-related air quality in Hilo, Hawai’i. Environ Res 95:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00122-1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Michellier C, Katoto PMC, Dramaix M, Nemery B, Kervyn F (2020) Respiratory health and eruptions of the Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a time-series analysis. Environ Health 9:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00615-9

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Monick MM, Baltrusaitis J, Powers LS, Borcherding JA, Caraballo JC, Mudunkotuwa I, Peate DW, Walters K, Thompson JM, Grassian VH, Gudmundsson G (2013) Effects of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash on innate immune system responses and bacterial growth in vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives 121:691–698. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206004

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mueller W, Horwell CJ, Apsley A, Steinle S, McPherson S, Cherrie JW, Galea KS (2018) The effectiveness of respiratory protection worn by communities to protect from volcanic ash inhalation. Part I: Filtration efficiency tests. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221:967–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.012

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mueller W, Cowie H, Horwell CJ, Hurley F, Baxter P (2020a) Health impact assessment of volcanic ash inhalation: a comparison with outdoor air pollution methods. GeoHealth 4:e2020GH000256. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000256

  • Mueller W, Cowie H, Horwell CJ, Baxter PJ, McElvenny D, Booth M, Cherrie JW, Cullinan P, Jarvis D, Ugarte C, Inoue H (2020b) Standardised epidemiological protocols for populations affected by volcanic eruptions. Bull World Health Organ 98:362–364. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.244509

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nattrass C, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Brown D, Stone V (2017) The effect of aluminium and sodium impurities on the in vitro toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of cristobalite. Environ Res 159:164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.054

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Naumova EN, Yepes H, Griffiths JK, Sempértegui F, Khurana G, Jagai JS, Játiva E, Estrella B (2007) Emergency room visits for respiratory conditions in children increased after Guagua Pichincha volcanic eruptions in April 2000 in Quito, Ecuador observational study: time series analysis. Environ Health 6:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-6-21

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Newnham RM, Dirks KN, Samaranayake D (2010) An investigation into long-distance health impacts of the 1996 eruption of Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand. Atmospheric Environment 44:1568–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.040

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nieto-Torres A, Martin-Del Pozzo AL (2021) Ash emission from a long-lived eruption at Popocatépetl volcano and mapped respiratory effects. Bulletin of Volcanology 83:68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01490-z

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Olsson J, Stipp SL, Dalby KN, Gíslason SR (2013) Rapid release of metal salts and nutrients from the 2011 Grímsvötn, Iceland volcanic ash. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 123:134–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.09.009

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Oppenheimer C, Pyle DM, Barclay J (2003) Volcanic Degassing. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 213. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.213

  • Oudin A, Carlsen HK, Forsberg B, Johansson C (2013) Volcanic ash and daily mortality in Sweden after the Icelandic volcano eruption of May 2011. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:6909–6919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126909

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Paez PA, Cogliati MG, Caselli AT, Monasterio AM (2021) An analysis of volcanic SO2 and ash emissions from Copahue volcano. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103365

  • Prüss-Ustün A, Vickers C, Haefliger P, Bertollini R (2011) Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review. Environ Health 10:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-9

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reich M, Zúñiga A, Amigo A, Vargas G, Morata D, Palacios C, Parada MA, Garreaud RD (2009) Formation of cristobalite nanofibers during explosive volcanic eruptions. Geology 37:435–438. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25457A.1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rojas-Ramos M, Catalan-Vazquez M, Pozzo AL, Garcia-Ojeda E, Villalba-Caloca J, Perez-Neria J (2001) A seven month prospective study of the respiratory effects of exposure to ash from Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico. Environ Geochem Health 23:383–396. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012244311557

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schmidt A, Ostro B, Carslaw KS, Wilson M, Thordarson T, Mann GW, Simmons AJ (2011) Excess mortality in Europe following a future Laki-style Icelandic eruption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:15710–15715. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108569108

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schmidt A, Leadbetter S, Theys N et al. (2015) Satellite detection, long-range transport and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014–15 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland). J Geophys Res Atmos JD023638. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638

  • Shimizu Y, Dobashi K, Hisada T, Ono A, Todokoro M, Iijima H, Utsugi M, Kakegawa S, Iizuka K, Ishizuka T, Morikawa A, Mori M (2007) Acute impact of volcanic ash on asthma symptoms and treatment. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 20:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320070200S203

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shiozawa M, Lefor AK, Sata N, Yasuda Y, Nagai H (2018) Effects of the Miyakejima volcano eruption on public health. Int J Crit Care Emerg Med 4:040. https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3674/1510040

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shojima J, Ikushima S, Ando T, Mochida A, Yanagawa T, Takemura T, Oritsu M (2006) A case of volcanic ash lung: report of a case. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 44:192–196


    Google Scholar
     

  • Steinle S, Sleeuwenhoek A, Mueller W, Horwell CJ, Apsley A, Davis A, Cherrie JW, Galea KS (2018) The effectiveness of respiratory protection worn by communities to protect from volcanic ash inhalation. Part II: Total inward leakage tests. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221:977–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.011

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stewart C, Johnston DM, Leonard GS, Horwell CJ et al (2006) Contamination of water supplies by volcanic ashfall: a literature review and simple impact modelling. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 158:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.002

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stewart C, Cronin SJ, Wilson TM, Clegg S (2014) Analysis of Mt Sinabung volcanic ash: implications for animal health. GNS Science Report 2014/65; Available as free download from http://shop.gns.cri.nz/sr_2014-065-pdf/

  • Stewart C, Damby DE, Tomašek I, Horwell CJ, Plumlee G, Armienta MA, Ruiz Hinojosa MG, Appleby M, Delmelle P, Cronin S, Ottley CJ, Oppenhemier C, Morman S (2020) Assessment of leachable elements in volcanic ashfall: a review and evaluation of a standardized protocol for ash hazard characterization. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 392:106756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106756

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stewart C, Rosenberg MD, Kilgour GN (2021) Ash leachate characteristics of the 27 April 2016 and 13 September 2016 eruptions of Whakaari / White Island volcano. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. 15 p. (GNS Science report; 2020/39)

  • Tam E, Miike R, Labrenz S, Sutton AJ, Elias T, Davis J, Chen Y-L, Tantisira K, Dockery D, Avol E (2016) Volcanic air pollution over the Island of Hawai’i: emissions, dispersal, and composition. Association with respiratory symptoms and lung function in Hawai’i Island school children. Environment International 92-93:543–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.025

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tesone AI, Vitar RML, Tau J, Maglione GA, Llesuy S, Tasat DR, Berra A (2018) Volcanic ash from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex and Calbuco promote a differential response of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators on human conjunctival epithelial cells. Environmental Research 167:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.013

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomašek I, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Barošová H, Geers C, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Clift MJD (2016) Combined exposure of diesel exhaust particles and respirable Soufrière Hills volcanic ash causes a (pro-)inflammatory response in an in vitro multicellular epithelial tissue barrier model. Part Fibre Toxicol 13:67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-016-0178-9

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomašek I, Horwell CJ, Bisig C, Damby DE, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Petri-Fink A, Clift MJD, Drasler B, Rothen-Rutishauser B (2018) Respiratory hazard assessment of combined exposure to complete gasoline exhaust and respirable volcanic ash in a multicellular human lung model at the air-liquid interface. Environ Pollut 238:977–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.115

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomašek I, Damby DE, Horwell CJ, Ayris PM, Delmelle P, Ottley CJ, Cubillas P, Casas AS, Bisig C, Petri-Fink A (2019) Assessment of the potential for in-plume sulphur dioxide gas-ash interactions to influence the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash. Environ Res 179:108798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108798

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomašek I, Damby DE, Andronico D, Baxter PJ, Boonen I, Claeys P et al (2021) Assessing the biological reactivity of organic compounds on volcanic ash: implications for human health hazard. Bull Volcanol 83:30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01453-4

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tomašek I, Damby DE, Stewart C, Horwell CJ, Plumlee G, Ottley CJ, Delmelle P, Morman S, El Yazidi S, Claeys P, Kervyn M, Elskens M, Leermakers M (2021b) Development of a simulated lung fluid leaching method to assess the release of potentially toxic elements from volcanic ash. Chemosphere 278:130303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130303

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Trisnawati I, Budiono E, Sumardi S, Setiadi A (2015) Traumatic inhalation due to Merapi Volcanic Ash. Acta Medica Indonesiana 47:3


    Google Scholar
     

  • Viane C, Bhugwant C, Sieja B, Staudacher T, Demoly P (2009) Comparative study of the volcanic gas emissions and the hospitalizations for asthma of the Reunion Island population between 2005 and 2007. Revue Française d’Allergologie 49:346–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reval.2009.02.010

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Webb E, Stewart C, Sami E, Kelsey S, Fairbairn Dunlop P, Dennison E (2021) Variability of naturally occurring fluoride in diverse community drinking water sources, Tanna Island, Vanuatu. Water, Hygiene and Sanitation for Development 11:591–599. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.270

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Whitty RCW, Ilyinskaya E, Mason E, Wieser PE, Liu EJ, Schmidt A, Roberts T, Pfeffer MA, Brooks B, Mather TA, Edmonds M, Elias T, Schneider DJ, Oppenheimer C, Dybwad A, Nadeau PA, Kern C (2020) Spatial and temporal variations in SO2 and PM2.5 levels around Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i During 2007–2018. Front Earth Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00036

  • Wilson TM, Cole JW, Stewart C, Cronin S, Johnston DM (2011) Ash storms: impacts of wind-remobilised volcanic ash on rural communities and agriculture following the 1991 Hudson eruption, southern Patagonia, Chile. Bulletin of Volcanology 73:223–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0396-1

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wilson T, Stewart C, Bickerton H, Baxter P, Outes AV, Villarosa G, Rovere E (2013) Impacts of the June 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex eruption on urban infrastructure, agriculture and public health. GNS Science Report 2012/20, p 88. https://www.gns.cri.nz/static/pubs/2012/SR%202012-020%20Print%20Copy.pdf

  • Witham C, Barsotti S, Dumont S, Oddson B, Sigmundsson F (2020) Practising an explosive eruption in Iceland: outcomes from a European exercise. J Appl Volcanol 9:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-019-0091-7

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization (2013) Regional Office for Europe. Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution: REVIHAAP Project Technical Report, p 302

  • Wygel CM, Peters SC, McDermott JM, Sahagian DL (2019) Bubbles and dust: experimental results of dissolution rates of metal salts and glasses from volcanic ash deposits in terms of surface area, chemistry, and human health impacts. GeoHealth 3:338–355. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GH000181

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *